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【透视社·民生沸点】年轻人缴存个人养老金积极性为何不高？_我的网站

A |     NEW YORK -- Paddy Cosgrave, the chief executive officer of a prominent European tech conference called Web Summit, resigned from his role on Saturday amid backlash for his public statements that suggested Israel was committing war crimes.A spokesperson for Web Summit, which organizes one of the world's largest tech conferences every year, said in an e-mailed statement sent to The Associated Press that it will appoint a new CEO, and the conference will go ahead next month in Lisbon as planned. Cosgrave, the Irish entrepreneur who is also founder of Web Summit, said in a statement Saturday that his personal comments “have become a distraction from the event, and our team, our sponsors, our startups and the people who attend.”“I sincerely apologise again for any hurt I have caused,” he said.Cosgrave’s resignation is a prominent example of the fallout from the Israel-Hamas war that has spilled into workplaces everywhere, as top leaders of prominent companies weigh in with their views while workers complain their voices are not being heard. Islamic rights advocates say much of the corporate response has minimized the suffering in Gaza, where thousands have died in Israeli airstrikes, and created an atmosphere of fear for workers who want to express support for Palestinians. Jewish groups have criticized tepid responses or slow reactions to the Oct. 7 Hamas rampage that killed 1,400 people in Israel and triggered the latest war.Web Summit faced a growing number of industry giants — including Intel, Meta and Google — pulling out of the conference even after Cosgrave released a long message denouncing the Hamas attacks and apologizing for the timing of his initial tweet while defending his overall views on the conflict. Cosgrave posted on his X account, formerly known as Twitter, on Oct. 13 that he was “shocked at the rhetoric and actions of so many Western leaders & governments, with the exception in particular of Ireland’s government, who for once are doing the right thing. ”“War crimes are war crimes even when committed by allies, and should be called out for what they are,” he added.Two days later, he updated his tweet calling “what Hamas did is outrageous and disgusting” but adding, "Israel has a right to defend itself, but it does not, as I have already stated, have a right to break international law." In a later apology that was posted Oct. 17 on the Web Summit blog and shared on his X account, he said, “What is needed at this time is compassion, and I did not convey that,” he said. “My aim is and always has been to strive for peace.”He went on to say that “I also believe that, in defending itself, Israel should adhere to international law and the Geneva Conventions – i.e. not commit war crimes. This belief applies equally to any state in any war. No country should breach these laws, even if atrocities were committed against it.”His last post on X read: “Bye for now. Need some time off this platform.”______Follow Anne D’Innocenzio: http://twitter.com/ADInnocenzio。    “我已经连续两年购买了12000元的个人养老金，个税优惠还是很有吸引力的。”深圳市民冯小姐介绍，在年度汇算退税时自己享受了2000多元的税收优惠，“就抵税这部分折算成收益，也跑赢了大部分理财方式”。　　目前，个人养老金制度运行平稳，先行工作取得积极成效，2023年个人养老金账户累计开立达5000万户。但缴存人数仅占开户人数的22%，存在“开户热缴存冷”、对年轻人吸引力低、税收激励有限等现象。

B | 　　年轻人都有哪些顾虑？如何吸引更多年轻人参与？在制度设计上还有哪些环节需要完善？图源：卡乐图片 摄影/宁颖　　超5000万人开通个人养老金账户　　个人养老金是政府政策支持、个人自愿参加、市场化运营、实现养老保险补充功能的制度。来自人社部的数据显示，2023年个人养老金账户累计开立达5000万户，参与人数已达2022年全国纳税人数的76.8%。

C | 　　根据个人养老金实施办法及相关个人所得税政策，个人养老金实行个人账户制度，缴费由参加个人承担，年缴费上限为1.2万元。资金账户里的资金，参加人可自主选择购买符合规定的储蓄存款、理财产品、商业养老保险等产品。　　同时，对个人养老金实施递延纳税优惠。在缴费环节，按照1.2万元/年的限额标准，在综合所得或经营所得中据实扣除；在投资环节，投资收益暂不征收个人所得税；在领取环节，个人领取的个人养老金，不并入综合所得，单独按照3%的税率计算缴纳个人所得税。　　在北京的韦先生看来，个人养老金政策最吸引的地方是个税优惠。“我们公司没有参加企业年金，除了基本养老金和商业保险外，个人养老金是我的一项重要养老储备。”韦先生还认为，个人养老金缴存额度有限，应该提高缴存上限，允许大家根据自身情况选择。　　不过，从2023年个人养老金启动首年的“成绩单”来看，业内人士普遍认为呈现“开户热投资冷、缴存意愿不高”的现象。缴存人数仅占开户人数的22%，而人均缴存金额仅约2000元，远远低于1.2万元的缴存上限。　　年轻人都有哪些顾虑？　　“同样的钱，用来投资理财、还房贷更划算”。35岁的石先生曾考虑过缴存个人养老金，但细想过后放弃了：“个税抵扣额有限，且必须退休后才能领。我现在‘上有老下有小’，一旦要用钱，个人养老金还取不出来。”一家人参观艺术展。图源：卡乐图片 摄影/贾琼　　专家认为，从观念上看，年轻人的日常生活开销、赡养父母及抚养子女等即时财务需求往往优先于养老规划。但个人养老金账户要求账户封闭运行，封闭期长达数十年，缺乏应急退出机制，只有达到退休年龄时、丧失劳动能力等情形才能领取，一定程度上影响了开户缴存的意愿。　　此外，根据媒体调查，约40%的受访者仅听说过个人养老金制度，但不了解，12%的受访者通过该调查第一次了解该制度。“大部分90后年轻人乃至大部分中国居民对个人养老金制度缺乏了解，甚至不知道什么是个人养老金账户，以及该账户的设立目的和意义。”　　从更深层次的原因来说，这是因为部分年轻人缺乏养老储蓄观念，缺乏风险意识，未意识到未来养老可能面临的经济压力。这一方面由于他们认为距离退休还很遥远，没有做好养老准备；另一方面，则担心未来的经济形势对养老保障的影响。　　税收激励不足也是重要原因之一。根据相关数据，90后的平均年薪主要集中在6万~13万元之间。

D | 如此较低的收入，在个税起征点基础上加上专项扣除等，交不了多少个税。每年存满12000元个人养老金额度，很多90后实际上也难以享受到相应的税收优惠。　　年轻群体“趁早”规划养老　　1994年出生的广州市民小傅刚刚迎来自己的30岁生日，就在今年，她把规划“养老”这件事纳入了自己的人生日程。　　“父母的积蓄之前拿出来了不少给我买房，现在每月养老金刚够他们的日常生活，所以很担心他们的身体健康出现变化要用到大笔钱。”在社交媒体上，已有不少年轻人提问“攒多少钱才够养老”，有人感叹“自己四十岁才开始关注养老保险，后悔该早准备”……图源：卡乐图片 摄影/宁颖　　在父母的老年生活中，小傅也窥见了自己老年生活的光景——基础的退休金仅够日常基本生活开销，想要更好享受“夕阳红”，主要得依靠自己早年的储蓄。“而且我这一代老了和父母面临的情况可能完全不一样了。”因此，她今年去银行开立了自己个人养老金账户。　　“无论是‘90后’还是‘00后’，一旦开始工作，就应该考虑长期投资，如果不考虑代际传承，养老就是最长期的投资。”在相关学者看来，从开始工作到退休期间，有三四十年的时间跨度，年轻人提前规划养老投资十分必要。　　建议建立应急支出机制　　“对年轻人来说，提取个人养老金需要的时间太长了。政策如若允许缴存期间能提取部分个人养老金用于赡养父母等需求，将对年轻人的吸引力更大。”有市民这样认为。　　基于人性化考虑和制度推广需要，专家建议建立个人养老金的应急支出机制，例如可以考虑将本人及直系亲属的重大疾病、伤残等特殊情况列为法定全额领取的条件。同时，探索将子女教育、赡养老人、偿还债务等情形纳入部分领取的范围，以更好地平衡制度的刚性与灵活性，提高账户资金的使用效率。　　近年来，灵活就业人员数量不断增加。“这部分年轻劳动者收入不稳定、流动性强，养老保险参保质量不高，漏保、脱保、断保等现象突出，养老储蓄不足。”个人养老金制度应向低收入者、个体劳动者及灵活就业人员适度倾斜。　　还有专家建议，加大税收激励，引导长期参与。优先对税收优惠激励不足的低收入群体，尤其是缴存期超过15年的90后年轻群体的个人养老金账户发放财政补贴，鼓励低收入年轻群体配置个人养老金、加强长期养老保障。

E | 另外，建议调增个人养老金年度缴费金额上限。图源：卡乐图片 摄影/贾琼　　国家社会保险公共服务平台数据显示，截至2024年4月，可供选择的个人养老金产品共746只，其中理财类产品23只，储蓄类产品465只，保险类产品71只，基金类产品187只。　　因此，个人养老金产品的选择是一大挑战。面对市场上五花八门的个人养老金产品，在缺乏专业指导的情况下，往往会感到迷茫和困惑，并担心自己的选择是否能够真正实现养老金的增值，是否能够在未来提供足够的养老保障。　　现在一些银行在推广个人养老金过程中“为开户而开户”。专家认为，应通过业务咨询、养老规划等方式，帮助个人根据自身需求和风险偏好，选择合适的个人养老金产品，降低购买难度，减少信息不对称。　　（透视社综合工人日报、南方日报、第一财经报道）　　编辑：刘淞菱　　校对：李旭颖　　审核：龚紫陌。

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